The negative effects of reclamation

Trubizh River, Summer 2012

One of the most important indicators of the state of the field of irrigation, is the area of ​​irrigated land, the amount of irrigation and crop yields. The latter reflects the condition of irrigation systems, provision of irrigation systems and energy availability, and ultimately determine the volume of agricultural production on irrigated lands. The irrigated area is 2.44 million hectares. They are located in the steppe zone - 2.09 million hectares (more than 80% of the total area of ​​irrigation), the forest-steppe zone is irrigated 344 ha, Polessye - about 11 hectares. Share this land of agricultural land at the beginning of 2009 was 6.7%, while the share of irrigated arable land - 6.6% of the total area.

Further development of irrigated agriculture is determined by the influence of two groups of factors. The first group includes pricing, credit and tax systems, regulation of property relations and public policy support. Second - those that depend on commodity - namely, means of farming on irrigated land and irrigation technology, the introduction of high-yielding, most sensitive to irrigation of cultivars and hybrids of plants, modernization, reconstruction and improvement of the technical condition and the level of exploitation of irrigation systems, improvement of management vodorozpodilom and irrigation, the introduction of water metering, water paid, which has become an important part of the economic mechanism for improving water management in irrigated agriculture.

These and other trends transformed into a set of problems whose solution requires government support. The most important among them are: sustainable reliable operation of existing irrigation systems, reducing energy and material systems, efficient use of reclaimed land, improve the ecological status of irrigated and drained agricultural land, human, scientific, technical and regulatory support for the industry, the introduction of mechanism of state support and legal regulation of economic relations in the field of land reclamation as part of the state agricultural policy, privatization of water management organizations by creating a public joint stock companies.

Under the influence of irrigation soil reclamation state of lands has changed significantly, and the nature of the adverse changes became widespread. On irrigated land degradation processes developed such as salinization and alkalinization of soils zlytyzatsiya, pollution and so on. Previously accepted indicators for assessing soil quality calculated on the property, formed under the influence of aging process of soil formation. To quantify the current processes in soils that occur 3-5, maximum - 10-20 years, and seasonally-annual dynamics of real change they do not fit.

For example, such as the critical content of exchangeable sodium, indicating the initial and subsequent stages of soil alkalinity, diagnostic criteria degradation of irrigated land and more. Also obtained strong evidence that the assessment of the current status of irrigated soils should be amended thermodynamic parameters - concentration of active ions. Given that the rate of reclamation of irrigated land reclamation included in the inventory, it is necessary to develop a system of indicators to assess soil quality level standard.

Nyzkorodyuchi sod-podzolic soils Polessye coarse granulometry require very high doses of organic and mineral fertilizers to obtain high yields of crops (15 - 18 tons of manure, N60-90, R45-60 K 90-120 kg of active ingredient per 1 ha of crop rotation area) . Adding these doses and move nutrients from whole layer of topsoil leads to large losses due to their leaching and evaporation.

Given the transition was necessary to develop energy-saving technologies and chemical soil reclamation, which last held by public funds and was too costly and ineffective. The basis for the creation of new technologies and the reclamation of acidic soil solontsevyh a modern concept of institution that takes into account the world experience. Its novelty lies in

- Harmonious combination of technology chemical reclamation of crop rotation, the structure of which is dominated by crops with a high level of adaptation to acidic or alkaline soil environments;

- Compliance with standards developed by the ratio between the organic and mineral fertilizers;

- Local application of chemical meliorants and improving treatment of acid and calcium solontsevyh soils;

- Vysokobufernoho application, with the appropriate response, organo-mineral fertilizer complex action, enriched with calcium;

- Extensive use of local raw materials calcium (limestone, phosphate, sapropel and peat, humus, etc.).

The main essence of the concept - to create a theoretical framework for the development of advanced energy saving technologies and reclamation of such reproduction and fertility acid soils solontsevyh that will help. Significantly improve the efficiency of fertilizers and meliorants, pay for their gain yields. In contrast to existing developments, this design provides a significant reduction in doses of chemical meliorants (2 - 5 or more times), due to the growth of their efficient performance, optimize physical and chemical properties of acid soils and solontsevyh by meliorants localization and reducing unproductive losses due to leaching of calcium.


References:

1. Dobrovolsky VV Basic theory of ecological systems: manual. handbook. VV Dobrovolsky. - K.: Professional, 2005. - 272 p.

2. Zapolzkiy AK, Saluki AI Environmental Science: A Textbook. - Graduate School, 2003. - 358 p.